How To Navigate the Filesystem with Python’s Pathlib

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In Python, utilizing common strings for filesystem paths could be a ache, particularly if you’ll want to carry out operations on the trail strings. Switching to a special working system causes breaking adjustments to your code, too. Sure, you should use os.path from the os module to make issues simpler. However the pathlib module makes all of this far more intuitive.

The pathlib module launched in Python 3.4 (yeah, it’s been round for some time) permits for an OOP method that permits you to create and work with path objects, and comes with batteries included for frequent operations corresponding to becoming a member of and manipulating paths, resolving paths, and extra.

This tutorial will introduce you to working with the file system utilizing the pathlib module. Let’s get began.

Working with Path Objects

To begin utilizing pathlib, you first must import the Path class:

Which lets you instantiate path objects for creating and manipulating file system paths.

Creating Path Objects

You possibly can create a Path object by passing in a string representing the trail like so:

path = Path('your/path/right here')

You possibly can create new path objects from current paths as nicely. For example, you possibly can create path objects from your private home listing or the present working listing:

home_dir = Path.residence()
print(home_dir)

cwd = Path.cwd()
print(cwd)

This could offer you an analogous output:

Output >>>
/residence/balapriya
/residence/balapriya/project1

Suppose you might have a base listing and also you need to create a path to a file inside a subdirectory. Right here’s how you are able to do it:

from pathlib import Path

# import Path from pathlib
from pathlib import Path

# create a base path
base_path = Path("/residence/balapriya/Paperwork")

# create new paths from the bottom path
subdirectory_path = base_path / "tasks"https://www.kdnuggets.com/"project1"
file_path = subdirectory_path / "report.txt"

# Print out the paths
print("Base path:", base_path)
print("Subdirectory path:", subdirectory_path)
print("File path:", file_path)

This primary creates a path object for the bottom listing: /residence/balapriya/Paperwork. Keep in mind to interchange this base path with a sound filesystem path in your working atmosphere.

It then creates subdirectory_path by becoming a member of base_path with the subdirectories tasks and project1. Lastly, the file_path is created by becoming a member of subdirectory_path with the filename report.txt.

As seen, you should use the / operator to append a listing or file identify to the present path, creating a brand new path object. Discover how the overloading of the / operator offers a readable and intuitive strategy to be part of paths.

Whenever you run the above code, it will output the next paths:

Output >>>
Base path: /residence/balapriya/paperwork
Subdirectory path: /residence/balapriya/paperwork/tasks/project1
File path: /residence/balapriya/paperwork/tasks/project1/report.txt

Checking Standing and Path Sorts

Upon getting a sound path object, you possibly can name easy strategies on it to test the standing and sort of the trail.

To test if a path exists, name the exists() methodology:

path = Path("/residence/balapriya/Paperwork")
print(path.exists())

If the trail exists, it outputs True; else, it returns False.

It’s also possible to test if a path is a file or listing:

print(path.is_file())
print(path.is_dir())

Be aware: An object of the Path class creates a concrete path on your working system. However you may also use PurePath when you’ll want to deal with paths with out accessing the filesystem, like working with Home windows path on a Unix machine.

Navigating the Filesystem

Navigating the filesystem is fairly simple with pathlib. You possibly can iterate over the contents of directories, rename and resolve paths, and extra.

You possibly can name the iterdir() methodology on the trail object like so to iterate over all of the contents of a listing:

path = Path("/residence/balapriya/project1")

# iterating over listing contents

for merchandise in path.iterdir():
    print(merchandise)

Right here’s the pattern output:

Output >>>
/residence/balapriya/project1/take a look at.py
/residence/balapriya/project1/important.py

Renaming Recordsdata

You possibly can rename recordsdata by calling the rename() methodology on the trail object:

path = Path('old_path')
path.rename('new_path')

Right here, we rename take a look at.py within the project1 listing to exams.py:

path = Path('/residence/balapriya/project1/take a look at.py')
path.rename('/residence/balapriya/project1/exams.py')

Now you can cd into the project1 listing to test if the file has been renamed.
 

Deleting Recordsdata and Directories

It’s also possible to delete a file and take away empty directories with the unlink() to and rmdir() strategies, respectively.

# For recordsdata
path.unlink()   

# For empty directories
path.rmdir()  

Be aware: Properly, in case deleting empty directories received you interested in creating them. Sure, you may also create directories with mkdir() like so: path.mkdir(dad and mom=True, exist_ok=True). The mkdir() methodology creates a brand new listing. Setting dad and mom=True permits the creation of mum or dad directories as wanted, and exist_ok=True prevents errors if the listing already exists.

Resolving Absolute Paths

Typically, it’s simpler to work with relative paths and develop to absolutely the path when wanted. You are able to do it with the resolve() methodology, and the syntax is tremendous easy:

absolute_path = relative_path.resolve()

Right here’s an instance:

relative_path = Path('new_project/README.md')
absolute_path = relative_path.resolve()
print(absolute_path)

And the output:

Output >>> /residence/balapriya/new_project/README.md

File Globbing

Globbing is tremendous useful for locating recordsdata matching particular patterns. Let’s take a pattern listing:

projectA/
├── projectA1/
│   └── knowledge.csv
└── projectA2/
	├── script1.py
	├── script2.py
	├── file1.txt
	└── file2.txt

Right here’s the trail:

path = Path('/residence/balapriya/projectA')

Let’s attempt to discover all of the textual content recordsdata utilizing glob():

text_files = checklist(path.glob('*.txt'))
print(text_files)

Surprisingly, we don’t get the textual content recordsdata. The checklist is empty:

It’s as a result of these textual content recordsdata are within the subdirectory and glob doesn’t search via subdirectories. Enter recursive globbing with rglob().

text_files = checklist(path.rglob('*.txt'))
print(text_files)

The rglob() methodology performs a recursive seek for all textual content recordsdata within the listing and all its subdirectories. So we should always get the anticipated output:

Output >>>
[PosixPath('/home/balapriya/projectA/projectA2/file2.txt'), 
PosixPath('/home/balapriya/projectA/projectA2/file1.txt')]

And that is a wrap!

Wrapping Up

On this tutorial, we have explored the pathlib module and the way it makes file system navigation and manipulation in Python accessible. We’ve lined sufficient floor that will help you create and work with filesystem paths in Python scripts.

You will discover the code used on this tutorial on GitHub. Within the subsequent tutorial, we’ll have a look at attention-grabbing sensible purposes. Till then, preserve coding!

Bala Priya C is a developer and technical author from India. She likes working on the intersection of math, programming, knowledge science, and content material creation. Her areas of curiosity and experience embody DevOps, knowledge science, and pure language processing. She enjoys studying, writing, coding, and occasional! Presently, she’s engaged on studying and sharing her data with the developer group by authoring tutorials, how-to guides, opinion items, and extra. Bala additionally creates partaking useful resource overviews and coding tutorials.