Measuring Developer Productiveness through People
Someplace, proper now, a know-how govt tells their administrators: “we
want a option to measure the productiveness of our engineering groups.” A working
group assembles to discover potential options, and weeks later, proposes
implementing the metrics: lead time, deployment frequency, and variety of
pull requests created per engineer.
Quickly after, senior engineering leaders meet to evaluate their newly created
dashboards. Instantly, questions and doubts are raised. One chief says:
“Our lead time is 2 days which is ‘low performing’ in response to these
benchmarks – however is there really an issue?”. One other chief says: “it’s
unsurprising to see that a few of our groups are deploying much less typically than
others. However I’m undecided if this spells a chance for enchancment.”
If this story arc is acquainted to you, don’t fear – it is acquainted to
most, together with a few of the largest tech corporations on the earth. It’s not unusual
for measurement packages to fall brief when metrics like DORA fail to supply
the insights leaders had hoped for.
There’s, nevertheless, a greater strategy. An strategy that focuses on
capturing insights from builders themselves, fairly than solely counting on
primary measures of pace and output. We’ve helped many organizations make the
leap to this human-centered strategy. And we’ve seen firsthand the
dramatically improved understanding of developer productiveness that it
gives.
What we’re referring to right here is qualitative measurement. On this
article, we offer a primer on this strategy derived from our expertise
serving to many organizations on this journey. We start with a definition of
qualitative metrics and tips on how to advocate for them. We comply with with sensible
steering on tips on how to seize, monitor, and make the most of this knowledge.
As we speak, developer productiveness is a essential concern for companies amid
the backdrop of fiscal tightening and transformational applied sciences reminiscent of
AI. As well as, developer expertise and platform engineering are garnering
elevated consideration as enterprises look past Agile and DevOps
transformation. What all these considerations share is a reliance on measurement
to assist information selections and monitor progress. And for this, qualitative
measurement is essential.
Word: after we say “developer productiveness”, we imply the diploma to which
builders’ can do their work in a frictionless method – not the person
efficiency of builders. Some organizations discover “developer productiveness”
to be a problematic time period due to the best way it may be misinterpreted by
builders. We advocate that organizations use the time period “developer
expertise,” which has extra optimistic connotations for builders.
What’s a qualitative metric?
We outline a qualitative metric as a measurement comprised of information
supplied by people. It is a sensible definition – we haven’t discovered a
singular definition throughout the social sciences, and the choice
definitions we’ve seen have flaws that we focus on later on this
part.
Determine 1: Qualitative metrics are measurements derived from people
The definition of the phrase “metric” is unambiguous. The time period
“qualitative,” nevertheless, has no authoritative definition as famous within the
2019 journal paper What’s Qualitative in
Qualitative Analysis:
There are numerous definitions of qualitative analysis, but when we search for
a definition that addresses its distinctive function of being
“qualitative,” the literature throughout the broad subject of social science is
meager. The primary motive behind this text lies within the paradox, which, to
put it bluntly, is that researchers act as in the event that they know what it’s, however
they can’t formulate a coherent definition.
An alternate definition we’ve heard is that qualitative metrics measure
high quality, whereas quantitative metrics measure amount. We’ve discovered this
definition problematic for 2 causes: first, the time period “qualitative
metric” contains the time period metric, which suggests that the output is a
amount (i.e., a measurement). Second, high quality is often measured
via ordinal scales which are translated into numerical values and
scores – which once more, contradicts the definition.
One other argument now we have heard is that the output of sentiment evaluation
is quantitative as a result of the evaluation leads to numbers. Whereas we agree
that the information ensuing from sentiment evaluation is quantitative, primarily based on
our unique definition that is nonetheless a qualitative metric (i.e., a amount
produced qualitatively) except one have been to take the place that
“qualitative metric” is altogether an oxymoron.
Apart from the issue of defining what a qualitative metric is, we’ve
additionally encountered problematic colloquialisms. One instance is the time period “tender
metric”. We warning in opposition to this phrase as a result of it harmfully and
incorrectly implies that knowledge collected from people is weaker than “onerous
metrics” collected from techniques. We additionally discourage the time period “subjective
metrics” as a result of it misconstrues the truth that knowledge collected from people
will be both goal or subjective – as we focus on within the subsequent
part.
| Kind | Definition | Instance |
|---|---|---|
| Attitudinal metrics | Subjective emotions, opinions, or attitudes towards a selected topic. | How glad are you together with your IDE, on a scale of 1–10? |
| Behavioral metrics | Goal details or occasions pertaining to a person’s work expertise. | How lengthy does it take so that you can deploy a change to manufacturing? |
Later on this article we offer steering on tips on how to accumulate and use
these measurements, however first we’ll present a real-world instance of this
strategy put to follow
Peloton is an American know-how firm
whose developer productiveness measurement technique facilities round
qualitative metrics. To gather qualitative metrics, their group
runs a semi-annual developer expertise survey led by their Tech
Enablement & Developer Expertise group, which is a part of their Product
Operations group.
Thansha Sadacharam, head of tech studying and insights, explains: “I
very strongly imagine, and I feel a whole lot of our engineers additionally actually
recognize this, that engineers aren’t robots, they’re people. And simply
primary numbers would not drive the entire story. So for us, having
a extremely complete survey that helped us perceive that complete
developer expertise was actually necessary.”
Every survey is distributed to
a random pattern of roughly half of their builders. With this strategy,
particular person builders solely have to take part in a single survey per 12 months,
minimizing the general time spent on filling out surveys whereas nonetheless
offering a statistically important consultant set of information outcomes.
The Tech Enablement & Developer Expertise group can also be answerable for
analyzing and sharing the findings from their surveys with leaders throughout
the group.
For extra on Peloton’s developer expertise survey, take heed to this
interview
with Thansha Sadacharam.
Advocating for qualitative metrics
Executives are sometimes skeptical concerning the reliability or usefulness of
qualitative metrics. Even extremely scientific organizations like Google have
needed to overcome these biases. Engineering leaders are inclined towards
system metrics since they’re accustomed to working with telemetry knowledge
for inspecting techniques. Nevertheless, we can’t depend on this similar strategy for
measuring individuals.
Keep away from pitting qualitative and quantitative metrics in opposition to one another.
We’ve seen some organizations get into an inside “battle of the
metrics” which isn’t a superb use of time or power. Our recommendation for
champions is to keep away from pitting qualitative and quantitative metrics in opposition to
one another as an both/or. It’s higher to make the argument that they’re
complementary instruments – as we cowl on the finish of this text.
We’ve discovered that the underlying reason behind opposition to qualitative knowledge
are misconceptions which we handle under. Later on this article, we
define the distinct advantages of self-reported knowledge reminiscent of its capability to
measure intangibles and floor essential context.
False impression: Qualitative knowledge is simply subjective
Conventional office surveys sometimes deal with the subjective
opinions and emotions of their workers. Thus many engineering leaders
intuitively imagine that surveys can solely accumulate subjective knowledge from
builders.
As we describe within the following part, surveys also can seize
goal details about details or occasions. Google’s DevOps Analysis and
Evaluation (DORA) program is a wonderful concrete
instance.
Some examples of goal survey questions:
- How lengthy does it take to go from code dedicated to code efficiently
working in manufacturing? - How typically does your group deploy code to manufacturing or
launch it to finish customers?
False impression: Qualitative knowledge is unreliable
One problem of surveys is that individuals with all method of backgrounds
write survey questions with no particular coaching. Because of this, many
office surveys don’t meet the minimal requirements wanted to supply
dependable or legitimate measures. Nicely designed surveys, nevertheless, produce
correct and dependable knowledge (we offer steering on how to do that later in
the article).
Some organizations have considerations that individuals might lie in surveys. Which
can occur in conditions the place there may be concern round how the information shall be
used. In our expertise, when surveys are deployed as a device to assist
perceive and enhance bottlenecks affecting builders, there is no such thing as a
incentive for respondents to lie or sport the system.
Whereas it’s true that survey knowledge isn’t all the time 100% correct, we frequently
remind leaders that system metrics are sometimes imperfect too. For instance,
many organizations try and measure CI construct instances utilizing knowledge aggregated
from their pipelines, solely to seek out that it requires important effort to
clear the information (e.g. excluding background jobs, accounting for parallel
jobs) to supply an correct end result
The 2 varieties of qualitative metrics
There are two key varieties of qualitative metrics:
- Attitudinal metrics seize subjective emotions, opinions, or
attitudes towards a selected topic. An instance of an attitudinal measure would
be the numeric worth captured in response to the query: “How glad are
you together with your IDE, on a scale of 1-10?”. - Behavioral metrics seize goal details or occasions pertaining to an
people’ work experiences. An instance of a behavioral measure could be the
amount captured in response to the query: “How lengthy does it take so that you can
deploy a change to manufacturing?”
We’ve discovered that the majority tech practitioners overlook behavioral measures
when fascinated about qualitative metrics. This happens regardless of the
prevalence of qualitative behavioral measures in software program analysis, such
because the Google’s DORA program talked about earlier.
DORA publishes annual benchmarks for metrics reminiscent of lead time for
modifications, deployment frequency, and alter fail price. Unbeknownst to many,
DORA’s benchmarks are captured utilizing qualitative strategies with the survey
gadgets proven under:
Lead time
For the first software or service you’re employed on,
what’s your lead time for modifications (that’s, how lengthy does it take to go
from code dedicated to code efficiently working in manufacturing)?
Greater than six months
One to 6 months
One week to at least one month
Sooner or later to at least one week
Lower than in the future
Lower than one hour
Deploy frequency
For the first software or service you
work on, how typically does your group deploy code to manufacturing or
launch it to finish customers?
Fewer than as soon as per six months
Between as soon as monthly and as soon as each six months
Between as soon as per week and as soon as monthly
Between as soon as per day and as soon as per week
Between as soon as per hour and as soon as per day
On demand (a number of deploys per day)
Change fail proportion
For the first software or service you’re employed on, what
proportion of modifications to manufacturing or releases to customers lead to
degraded service (for instance, result in service impairment or service
outage) and subsequently require remediation (for instance, require a
hotfix, rollback, repair ahead, patch)?
0–15%
16–30%
31–45%
46–60%
61–75%
76–100%
Time to revive
For the first software or service you’re employed on, how lengthy
does it usually take to revive service when a service incident or a
defect that impacts customers happens (for instance, unplanned outage, service
impairment)?
Greater than six months
One to 6 months
One week to at least one month
Sooner or later to at least one week
Lower than in the future
Lower than one hour
We’ve discovered that the flexibility to gather attitudinal and behavioral knowledge
on the similar time is a robust good thing about qualitative measurement.
For instance, behavioral knowledge may present you that your launch course of
is quick and environment friendly. However solely attitudinal knowledge might inform you whether or not it
is easy and painless, which has necessary implications for developer
burnout and retention.
To make use of a non-tech analogy: think about you’re feeling sick and go to a
physician. The physician takes your blood strain, your temperature, your coronary heart
price, they usually say “Nicely, it appears such as you’re all good. There’s nothing
unsuitable with you.” You’ll be shocked! You’d say, “Wait, I’m telling
you that one thing feels unsuitable.”
The advantages of qualitative metrics
One argument for qualitative metrics is that they keep away from subjecting
builders to the sensation of “being measured” by administration. Whereas we’ve
discovered this to be true – particularly when in comparison with metrics derived from
builders’ Git or Jira knowledge – it doesn’t handle the primary goal
advantages that qualitative approaches can present.
There are three predominant advantages of qualitative metrics in relation to
measuring developer productiveness:
Qualitative metrics permit you to measure issues which are in any other case
unmeasurable
System metrics like lead time and deployment quantity seize what’s
taking place in our pipelines or ticketing techniques. However there are various extra
facets of builders’ work that have to be understood with a purpose to enhance
productiveness: for instance, whether or not builders are in a position to keep within the circulation
or work or simply navigate their codebases. Qualitative metrics allow you to
measure these intangibles which are in any other case troublesome or unimaginable to
measure.
An attention-grabbing instance of that is technical debt. At Google, a research to
establish metrics for technical debt included an evaluation of 117 metrics
that have been proposed as potential indicators. To the frustration of
Google researchers, no single metric or mixture of metrics have been discovered
to be legitimate indicators (for extra on how Google measures technical debt,
take heed to this interview).
Whereas there might exist an undiscovered goal metric for technical
debt, one can suppose that this can be unimaginable resulting from the truth that
evaluation of technical debt depends on the comparability between the present
state of a system or codebase versus its imagined superb state. In different
phrases, human judgment is crucial.
Qualitative metrics present lacking visibility throughout groups and
techniques
Metrics from ticketing techniques and pipelines give us visibility into
a few of the work that builders do. However this knowledge alone can’t give us
the total story. Builders do a whole lot of work that’s not captured in tickets
or builds: for instance, designing key options, shaping the path of a
undertaking, or serving to a teammate get onboarded.
It’s unimaginable to realize visibility into all these actions via
knowledge from our techniques alone. And even when we might theoretically accumulate
all the information via techniques, there are further challenges to capturing
metrics via instrumentation.
One instance is the issue of normalizing metrics throughout completely different
group workflows. For instance, for those who’re attempting to measure how lengthy it takes
for duties to go from begin to completion, you may attempt to get this knowledge
out of your ticketing device. However particular person groups typically have completely different
workflows that make it troublesome to supply an correct metric. In
distinction, merely asking builders how lengthy duties sometimes take will be
a lot less complicated.
One other frequent problem is cross-system visibility. For instance, a
small startup can measure TTR (time to revive) utilizing simply a problem
tracker reminiscent of Jira. A big group, nevertheless, will doubtless have to
consolidate and cross-attribute knowledge throughout planning techniques and deployment
pipelines with a purpose to acquire end-to-end system visibility. This generally is a
yearlong effort, whereas capturing this knowledge from builders can present a
baseline rapidly.
Qualitative metrics present context for quantitative knowledge
As technologists, it’s straightforward to focus closely on quantitative measures.
They appear clear and clear, afterall. There’s a danger, nevertheless, that the
full story isn’t being instructed with out richer knowledge and that this will likely lead us
into specializing in the unsuitable factor.
One instance of that is code evaluate: a typical optimization is to attempt to
pace up the code evaluate. This appears logical as ready for a code evaluate
may cause wasted time or undesirable context switching. We might measure the
time it takes for evaluations to be accomplished and incentivize groups to enhance
it. However this strategy might encourage destructive conduct: reviewers dashing
via evaluations or builders not discovering the proper consultants to carry out
evaluations.
Code evaluations exist for an necessary function: to make sure prime quality
software program is delivered. If we do a extra holistic evaluation – specializing in the
outcomes of the method fairly than simply pace – we discover that optimization
of code evaluate should guarantee good code high quality, mitigation of safety
dangers, constructing shared data throughout group members, in addition to making certain
that our coworkers aren’t caught ready. Qualitative measures may help us
assess whether or not these outcomes are being met.
One other instance is developer onboarding processes. Software program growth
is a group exercise. Thus if we solely measure particular person output metrics such
as the speed new builders are committing or time to first commit, we miss
necessary outcomes e.g. whether or not we’re totally using the concepts the
builders are bringing, whether or not they really feel protected to ask questions and if
they’re collaborating with cross-functional friends.
Easy methods to seize qualitative metrics
Many tech practitioners don’t understand how troublesome it’s to write down good
survey questions and design good survey devices. Actually, there are
entire fields of research associated to this, reminiscent of psychometrics and
industrial psychology. It is very important convey or construct experience right here
when doable.
Under are few good guidelines for writing surveys to keep away from the commonest
errors we see organizations make:
- Survey gadgets have to be fastidiously worded and each query ought to solely ask
one factor. - If you wish to evaluate outcomes between surveys, watch out about altering
the wording of questions such that you just’re measuring one thing completely different. - If you happen to change any wording, you should do rigorous statistical exams.
In survey parlance, ”good surveys” means “legitimate and dependable” or
“demonstrating good psychometric properties.” Validity is the diploma to
which a survey merchandise really measures the assemble you want to measure.
Reliability is the diploma to which a survey merchandise produces constant
outcomes out of your inhabitants and over time.
One mind-set about survey design that we’ve discovered useful to
tech practitioners: consider the survey response course of as an algorithm
that takes place within the human thoughts.
When a person is offered a survey query, a collection of psychological
steps happen with a purpose to arrive at a response. The mannequin under is from
the seminal 2012 ebook, The Psychology of Survey
Response:
| Element | Particular Processes |
|---|---|
| Comprehension |
Attend to questions and directions Signify logical type of query Establish query focus (info sought) Hyperlink key phrases to related ideas |
| Retrieval |
Generate retrieval technique and cues Retrieve particular, generic reminiscences Fill in lacking particulars |
| Judgment |
Assess completeness and relevance of reminiscences Draw inferences primarily based on accessibility Combine materials retrieved Make estimate primarily based on partial retrieval |
| Response |
Map Judgement onto response class Edit response |
Decomposing the survey response course of and inspecting every step
may help us refine our inputs to supply extra correct survey outcomes.
Growing good survey gadgets requires rigorous design, testing, and
evaluation – similar to the method of designing software program!
However good survey design is only one side of working profitable surveys.
Extra challenges embody participation charges, knowledge evaluation, and realizing
tips on how to act on knowledge. Under are a few of the greatest practices we’ve
realized.
Phase outcomes by group and persona
A typical mistake made by organizational leaders is to deal with companywide
outcomes as an alternative of information damaged down by group and persona (e.g., function, tenure,
seniority). As beforehand described, developer expertise is very contextual
and may differ radically throughout groups or roles. Focusing solely on combination
outcomes can result in overlooking issues that have an effect on small however necessary
populations throughout the firm, reminiscent of cell builders.
Examine outcomes in opposition to benchmarks
Comparative evaluation may help contextualize knowledge and assist drive motion. For
instance, developer sentiment towards code high quality generally skews destructive, making
it troublesome to establish true issues or gauge their magnitude. The extra
actionable knowledge level is: “are our builders extra annoyed about code
high quality than different groups or organizations?” Groups with decrease sentiment scores
than their friends and organizations with decrease scores than their business friends
can floor notable alternatives for enchancment.
Use transactional surveys the place applicable
Transactional surveys seize suggestions throughout particular touchpoints or
interactions within the developer workflow. For instance, platform groups can use
transactional surveys to immediate builders for suggestions whereas they’re within the midst of
creating a brand new service in an inside developer portal. Transactional surveys can
additionally increase knowledge from periodic surveys by producing higher-frequency suggestions and
extra granular insights.
Keep away from survey fatigue
Many organizations battle to maintain excessive participation charges in surveys
over time. Lack of follow-up may cause builders to really feel that
repeatedly responding to surveys isn’t worthwhile. It’s subsequently
essential that leaders and groups comply with up and take significant motion after surveys.
Whereas a quarterly or
semi-annual survey cadence is perfect for many organizations, we’ve seen some
organizations achieve success with extra frequent surveys which are built-in into
common group rituals reminiscent of retrospectives.
Survey Template
Under are a easy set of survey questions for getting began. Load the questions
under into your most well-liked survey device, or get began rapidly by making a replica of our ready-to-go
Google Types template.
The template is deliberately easy, however surveys typically grow to be fairly sizable as your measurement
technique matures. For instance, Shopify’s developer survey is 20-minutes
lengthy and Google’s is over 30-minutes lengthy.
After you have collected responses, rating the a number of alternative questions
utilizing both imply or high field scoring. Imply scores are calculated by
assigning every possibility a worth between 1 and 5 and taking the common.
Prime field scores are calculated by the chances of responses that
select one of many high two most favorable choices.
You’ll want to evaluate open textual content responses which may comprise nice
info. If you happen to’ve collected a lot of feedback, LLM instruments
reminiscent of ChatGPT will be helpful for extracting core themes and
solutions. Once you’ve completed analyzing outcomes, make sure to share
your findings with respondents so their time filling out the survey
feels worthwhile.
How straightforward or troublesome is it so that you can do work as a
developer or technical contributor at [INSERT ORGANIATION NAME]?
Very troublesome
Considerably troublesome
Neither straightforward nor troublesome
Considerably straightforward
Very straightforward
For the first software or service you’re employed on, what
is your lead time for modifications (that’s, how lengthy does it take to go
from code dedicated to code efficiently working in
manufacturing)?
Multiple month
One week to at least one month
Sooner or later to at least one week
Lower than in the future
Lower than one hour
How typically do you are feeling extremely productive in your
work?
By no means
A bit of the time
A few of the time
More often than not
The entire time
Please price your settlement or disagreement with the next
statements:
| My group follows growth greatest practices | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
| I’ve sufficient time for deep work. | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
| I’m glad with the quantity of automated check protection in my undertaking. |
□ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
| It is easy for me to deploy to manufacturing. | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
| I am glad with the standard of our CI/CD tooling. | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
| My group’s codebase is straightforward for me to contribute to. | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
| The quantity of technical debt on my group is acceptable primarily based on our objectives. | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
| Specs are repeatedly revisited and reprioritized in response to person alerts. | □ | □ | □ | □ | □ |
Please share any further suggestions on how your developer expertise may very well be improved
[open textarea]
Utilizing qualitative and quantitative metrics collectively
Qualitative metrics and quantitative metrics are complementary approaches
to measuring developer productiveness. Qualitative metrics, derived from
surveys, present a holistic view of productiveness that features each subjective
and goal measurements. Quantitative metrics, however, present
distinct benefits as nicely:
- Precision. People can inform you whether or not their CI/CD builds are usually
quick or gradual (i.e., whether or not durations are nearer to a minute or an hour), however
they can’t report on construct instances right down to millisecond precision. Quantitative
metrics are wanted when a excessive diploma of precision is required in our
measurements. - Continuity. Sometimes, the frequency at which a corporation can survey
their builders is at most a couple of times per quarter. To be able to accumulate extra
frequent or steady metrics, organizations should collect knowledge
systematically.
Finally, it’s via the mix of qualitative and quantitative metrics – a mixed-methods strategy –
that organizations can acquire most visibility into the productiveness and
expertise of builders. So how do you employ qualitative and quantitative
metrics collectively?
We’ve seen organizations discover success after they begin with qualitative
metrics to ascertain baselines and decide the place to focus. Then, comply with with
quantitative metrics to assist drill in deeper into particular areas.
Engineering leaders discover this strategy to be efficient as a result of qualitative
metrics present a holistic view and context, offering extensive understanding of
potential alternatives. Quantitative metrics, however, are
sometimes solely out there for a narrower set of the software program supply
course of.
Google equally advises its engineering leaders to go to survey knowledge first
earlier than logs knowledge for that reason. Google engineering researcher
Ciera Jaspan explains: “We encourage leaders to go to the survey knowledge first,
as a result of for those who solely take a look at logs knowledge it would not actually inform you whether or not
one thing is nice or dangerous. For instance, now we have a metric that tracks the time
to make a change, however that quantity is ineffective by itself. You do not know, is
this a superb factor? Is it a nasty factor? Do now we have an issue?”.
A blended strategies strategy permits us to benefit from the advantages of
each qualitative and quantitative metrics whereas getting a full perceive of
developer productiveness:
- Begin with qualitative knowledge to establish your high alternatives
- As soon as you realize what you need to enhance, use quantitative metrics to
drill-in additional - Observe your progress utilizing each qualitative and quantitative metrics
It is just by combining as a lot knowledge as doable – each qualitative and
quantitative – that organizations can start to construct a full understanding of
developer productiveness.
Ultimately, nevertheless, it’s necessary to recollect: organizations spend quite a bit
on extremely certified people that may observe and detect issues that log-based
metrics can’t. By tapping into the minds and voices of builders,
organizations can unlock insights beforehand seen as unimaginable.
